Search results for: 8.5 x 9 cm Filter Paper 400_pk
#37933147 
2023/11/06
To Up
First report of a new species, Chrysofolia galloides sp.nov., causing black spots on gallnuts of var. in China.
In June 2021 and 2022, 30-40% ensiform galls of var. (Diels) Rehd. et Wils. showing similar black spots were observed at a same woodland in Zhuyu town (E 107"42', N 32"10', altitude 560 m), Wanyuan, Southwest China. The lesions were usually dotted, rounded to irregular black or blackish brown spots, and scattered to gather into patches on the gall surfaces; the central areas of the lesions were often depressed. The infected galls often grow slowly or even fall off early. Fresh symptomatic galls were randomly collected in June 2021 (9 galls) and 2022 (13 galls). Tissues from the infected galls (ca. 3×5 mm) were surface-disinfected by 75% ethyl alcohol and 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C in the dark for six days. Nine isolates from different galls showed similar colony morphology. Similar dominant fungal colonies were isolated from 44.0% and 38.5% of the infected galls in 2021 and 2022, respectively. After sub-culturing of hyphal tips on PDA and oat meal agar (OA)，the colonies showed cottony-felty, annular, whitish to grey-brown after 10 days. Four isolates, IFRDCC1022 and IFRDCC1023 from 2021, and IFRDCC1024 and IFRDCC1025 from 2022 were randomly selected for molecular and morphological evaluations. Selected isolates were cultured on OA and incubated at 21°C at a 12 h/12 h day/night regime to induce sporulation (Jiang et al. 2020). Pycnidia (up to 500 µm diam.) developed within six days or longer. Conidiogenous cells lined the inner cavity of base, which were hyaline, occasionally brownish, ampulliform, 6-12 × 2-4.5 µm. Conidia were solitary, hyaline, guttulate, elliptic, sometimes subcylindric or ovoid, straight to curved, aseptate, (3.5-) 4-6.5 (-8) × 2-3.5 (-4) µm (n=60). Respective DNA fragments were amplified and sequenced with primers ITS1/ITS4 for ITS, LR0R/LR5 for LSU, EF1-728F (Carbone and Kohn 1999) /EF-2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998) for tef1-α, and Bt2a/ Bt2b for tub2 (Glass and Donaldson 1995). The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession Nos. ITS: OR363211 - OR363214, LSU: OR363215 - OR363218, tef1-α: OR344509 - OR344512, and tub2: OR344513 - OR344516). The morphological characteristics of the new isolates were consistent with the genus (Crous et al. 2015). The conidiogenous cells (6-12 × 2-4.5 µm) are larger than those of Crous, Rodas & M.J. Wingf. 2015 (5-8 × 2-3 μm) and Suwannar., Kumla & Lumyong 2016 (3-7.5 × 2-3 μm), while shorter and wider than those of S.Y. Wang, Yong Wang bis, and Y. Li 2022 (5-20 × 1-3.5 μm). Maximum likelihood (ML), Maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian phylogenetic trees generated from the datasets all showed similar topologies, four strains formed a well-supported clade (BS = 99-100%, PP=0.99-1) in genus, and clearly separated from the other three spp. and clustered as sister to with high supported values (BS = 97-100%, PP=0.97-1). Based on morphological characteristics and DNA phylogeny, the new isolates were described as a new species, T. Ma & Z. X. Yang, sp. nov. (Mycobank: MB850312). The two isolates from 2021 (IFRDCC1022 and IFRDCC1023) were randomly selected for pathogenicity tests. Mycelial plugs (ca. 6×6 mm) of a two-week-old colony were placed onto the surface of wounded and unwounded healthy ensiform galls with six or seven replicates. Sterile PDA agar plugs were used as controls. The inoculated galls were incubated at 25°C in sterile plastic containers (21.4×14.0×5.0 cm) lined with wet filter paper for high humidity. The typical symptom appeared within 3 days on 83.3-100% wounded galls, while the unwounded galls and the controls remained asymptomatic. All wounded galls and 20.0-85.7% of unwounded galls showed symptoms within 5 days, while the controls remained asymptomatic. The fungus was reisolated from the lesions and showed identical morphology and 100% sequence similarity of ITS, LSU, tef1-α and tub2 with the initial isolates. No fungus was isolated from the controls. is the first fungal pathogen demonstrated to induce brown spots on Chinese gallnuts (Ma and Yang 2022). Therefore, C. galloides is the second fungus confirmed to cause black spots lesions on gallnuts. These findings provide foundations for the comprehensive management of gall production, which have significant economical implication for Chinese gallnut production.Tao Ma, ZiXiang Yang
2014 related Products with: First report of a new species, Chrysofolia galloides sp.nov., causing black spots on gallnuts of var. in China.
100ul 100ul 100ul50 ug 100ul 100ul 100ul50ul50 ug 100ul 100ul 100ul
Related Pathways
#17390810 //
To Up
Diversity in pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and its symbiotic bacterium for Spodoptera spp.
Pathogenicity of five isolates of Steinernema carpocapsae (GER: Germany, BUW: Becker Underwood, KOP: Koppert, CZ: Czech Republic, BEL: Belgium) were tested against the fourth instar larvae of the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis and the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 infective juveniles/cm2) in Petri dishes (9 cm dia.) lined with filter paper. Results obtained after 48 h exposure indicated that the pathogenicity varied in time, dose of application and host species. On S. littoralis, KOP, BUW, CZ and GER were more virulent than BEL, whereas all isolates showed 100% control of S. exigua after 72 h. The LC50 values of all five isolates were lower for S. exigua than for S. littoralis. Among the isolates tested, KOP showed the lowest LC50 value in both S. exigua (3.84) and S. littoralis (4.44 infective juveniles). To further check the pathogenicity, the symbiotic bacterium of S. carpocapsae, Xenorhabdus nematophilus, was isolated from Galleria mellonella 30 h after its infection with the nematode. Ten microlitres of 50 mM phosphate buffer containing 0, 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 cfu were injected into the haemocel of fifth instar larvae of S. exigua. Significant differences in mortality of S. exigua larvae were observed 96 h post-injection with different bacterial doses. Cell-free filtrates of X. nematophilus were isolated from a bacterial suspension; 10 microlitres of filtrates were injected into fifth instars of S. exigua. All larvae had died 72 h post-injection. To check the insecticidal capability of X. nematophilus via oral uptake, suspensions of bacteria at concentrations of 0, 1010, 109, and 108 cfu/ml were sprayed onto tomato leaves cv. Moneymaker infected with fourth instar larvae of S. exigua. None of the larvae were killed after 24 h. Finally, we tested the virulence of selected isolates of S. carpocapsae (KOP, BUW, and BEL) in the glass-house on tomato plants infested with S. exigua or S. littoralis larvae. Nematodes were sprayed at a concentration of 2.5 billion/ha. After 48 h isolate KOP caused higher mortality (99% and 85% on S. exigua and S. littoralis, respectively), than other tested isolates. S. carpocapsae isolates BUW and BEL caused 61-65% mortality on S. exigua and S. littoralis, respectively. As most of the isolates had the same origin, viz. the ALL strain, these results demonstrate differences in pathogenicity of the production.S Shahidi Noghabi, M A Ansari, M Moens
1392 related Products with: Diversity in pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and its symbiotic bacterium for Spodoptera spp.
100 G250 mg 1 G 1 G 5 G500 MG 100 G1 Set100 μg100ug
Related Pathways
#13118108 //
To Up
The molecular weight of rhodopsin and the nature of the rhodopsin-digitonin complex.
The sedimentation behavior of aqueous solutions of digitonin and of cattle rhodopsin in digitonin has been examined in the ultracentrifuge. In confirmation of earlier work, digitonin was found to sediment as a micelle (D-1) with an s(20) of about 6.35 Svedberg units, and containing at least 60 molecules. The rhodopsin solutions sediment as a stoichiometric complex of rhodopsin with digitonin (RD-1) with an s(20) of about 9.77 Svedberg units. The s(20) of the RD-1 micelle is constant between pH 6.3 and 9.6, and in the presence of excess digitonin. RD-1 travels as a single boundary also in the electrophoresis apparatus at pH 8.5, and on filter paper at pH 8.0. The molecular weight of the RD-1 micelle lies between 260,000 and 290,000. Of this, only about 40,000 gm. are due to rhodopsin; the rest is digitonin (180 to 200 moles). Comparison of the relative concentrations of RD-1 and retinene in solutions of rhodopsin-digitonin shows that RD-1 contains only one retinene equivalent. It can therefore contain only one molecule of rhodopsin with a molecular weight of about 40,000. Cattle rhodopsin therefore contains only one chromophore consisting of a single molecule of retinene. It is likely that frog rhodopsin has a similar molecular weight and also contains only one chromophore per molecule. The molar extinction coefficient of rhodopsin is therefore identical with the extinction coefficient per mole of retinene (40,600 cm.(2) per mole) and the E(1 per cent, 1 cm., 500 mmicro) has a value of about 10. Rhodopsin constitutes about 14 per cent of the dry weight, and 3.7 per cent of the wet weight of cattle outer limbs. This corresponds to about 4.2 x 10(6) molecules of rhodopsin per outer limb. The rhodopsin content of frog outer limbs is considerably higher: about 35 per cent of the dry weight, and 10 per cent of the wet weight, corresponding to about 2.1 x 10(9) molecules per outer limb. Thus the frog outer limb contains about five hundred times as much rhodopsin as the cattle outer limb. But the relative volumes of these structures are such that the ratio of concentrations is only about 2.5 to 1 on a weight basis. Rhodopsin accounts for at least one-fifth of the total protein of the cattle outer limb; for the frog, this value must be higher. The extinction (K(500)) along its axis is about 0.037 cm.(2) for the cattle outer limb, and about 0.50 cm.(2) for the frog outer limb.R HUBBARD